ANATOMY of HUMAN

ANATOMICAL POSITION

BODY POSITIONS

ANATOMICAL POSITION

THE SUBJECT IS

                                 - STANDING ERECT

                                 - FACING OBSERVER

                                 - FEET ARE TOGETHER

                                 - THE ARMS ARE HANGING AT THE SIDES

                                 - WITH THE PALMS FACING FORWARD

PRONE- IF THE BODY IS LYING FACE DOWN

SUPINE - IF THE BODY IS LYING FACE UP.

HOMEOSTASIS

HOMEOSTASIS

The process through which a nearly stable internal environment is maintained in the body so that cellular functions can proceed at maximum efficiency

is maintained through the regulatory process called “feedback

ORGANIZATIONAL LEVELS

ORGANIZATIONAL LEVELS

six hierarchical levels:

1. CHEMICAL LEVEL

2. CELLULAR LEVEL

3. TISSUE LEVEL

4. ORGAN LEVEL

5. ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL

6. ORGANISM LEVEL

(1) CHEMICAL LEVEL

                       - is the lowest level of organization.

                                         Atoms (such as ions of sodium, potassium, calcium, etc.),
                                         molecules (such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, etc.),
                                                              and
                                         their chemical interactions play an essential role in the structural and            functional aspects of the cell

ATOMS- MOLECULES- COMPOUNDS

ATOMS

the smallest unit of matter that take part in/ participate chemical reactions

The most common elements/ atomsm in living organism are

CARBON

HYDROGEN

OXYGEN

NITROGEN

PHOSPHORUS

SULPHUR

CALCIUM

MOLECULES

two or more atoms join together to form a molecule

Examples

1. DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid-

-the genetic material passed from one generation to the next

2. GLUCOSE/ blood sugar

(2) CELLULAR LEVEL

-molecules combine to form cells

                                  -Cells are dependent upon the structural and functional aspects of their chemistry

   - are the building blocks of tissues. According to the cell theory,

                                   -all living things are made of cells,

                                    -cells are the basic units of life

                                    -cells come only from preexisting cells.

Some basic functions of cell

GROWTH

REPRODUCTION

METABOLISM

IRRITABILITY

(3) TISSUE LEVEL

                                  -Tissues are groups of similar cells united to perform a particular function

                                   -are the building blocks of organs.

There are four fundamental groups of tissues:

1. EPITHELIAL TISSUE

2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE

3. MUSCULAR TISSUE

4. NEURAL / NERVE TISSUE

1. EPITHELIAL TISSUE

-found

                                             -in the outer layer of the skin,
                                             -lining of organs,
                                             -blood,
                                             -lymph vessels
                                                   and
                                             -body cavities

2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE

                                            -connects and supports most part of the body

                                             -constitute most part of
                                                                             the skin
                                                                                bone
                                                                                    tendons

3. MUSCULAR TISSUE

                                              -produce movement through its ability to contract

                                                             3 types

                                                                  A. SKELETAL
                                                                  B. SMOOTH
                                                                  C. CARDIAC

4. NEURAL / NERVE TISSUE

                                               -responds to various stimuli

                                               -transmits nerve impulses


                                                      -found in

                                                                  brain
                                                                      spinal cord
                                                                                 nerves

(4) ORGAN LEVEL

                                             Organs are formed from the organization of several tissues that enable it to perform a particular function.

                                              Organs are the building blocks of systems.

(5) ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL

                                             - Organ systems are formed from the interaction of associated organs.

                                              -Systems are the building blocks of the organism.

THERE ARE 11 ORGAN SYSTEM

1. NERVOUS SYSTEM

2. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

3. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

4.CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

5. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

6. URINARY SYSTEM

7. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

8. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

9. MUSCULAR SYSTEM

10. SKELETAL SYSTEM

11. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

(6) ORGANISM LEVEL

                                         -The organism is the highest level of organism and is organized from the eleven organ systems.

PHYSIOLOGY

PHYSIOLOGY

The word physiology is derived from a Greek word for study of nature

physio=nature
logy= study ofDEFINITION

                        -study of function of body

DIVISIONS

1. CELL PHYSIOLOGY

2. PATHOLOGY

3. SYSTEMIC PHYSIOLOGY

4. ORGAN PHYSIOLOGY

1. CELL PHYSIOLOGY

- study of the function of cells

                                  -a branch of cytology

2. PATHOLOGY

- study of disordered functions or disease.

3. SYSTEMIC PHYSIOLOGY

                                   -study of the function of the body's systems.

4. ORGAN PHYSIOLOGY

   - study of specific organs of the body.

Neurophysiology

NOOR-o¯-fiz-e¯-ol9-o¯ -je¯;

neuro- nerve

study of Functional properties of nerve cells.

Endocrinology

en -do¯-kri-NOL-o¯-je¯

endo- within; -crin secretion

study of Hormones (chemical regulators in
; the blood) and how they control body functions

Cardiovascular physiology

kar-de¯-o¯-VAS-ku¯-lar;

cardi- heart; -vascular =blood vessels

study of Functions of the heart and blood vessels.

Immunology

im -u¯-NOL-o¯-je¯

immun- not susceptible

study of How the body defends itself against
disease-causing agents.

Respiratory physiology

RES-pir-a-to -re

respira- to breathe

study of Functions of the air passageways
and lungs.

Renal physiology

(RE¯ -nal; ren- kidney)

study of Functions of the kidneys.

Exercise physiology

study of Changes in cell and organ functions
as a result of muscular activity.

Pathophysiology

(PATH-o¯-fiz-e¯-ol -o¯-je¯)

study of Functional changes associated with
disease and aging

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

THE WORD ANATOMY IS DERIVED FROM A GREEK WORD ANATOME - TO CUT UP

a-NAT-o-me

ana = up
tomy= process of cutting

DEFINITION

Anatomy is
                        the study of structures that make up the body
                                                 &
                         how these stuctures relate with each other

It was first studied by dissection

Dissection

the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships

dis-SEK-shun

dis= apart
section= act of cutting

SUB SPECIALITIES OF ANATOMY

1. GROSS ANATOMY

A. SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
B. REGIONAL ANATOMY

2. MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY

3. HISTOLOGY

4. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

5. EMBRYOLOGY

6. SURFACE ANATOMY

7. CELLULAR ANATOMY/ CELL BIOLOGY

8. PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY

9. RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY

1. GROSS ANATOMY

   - study of body structures without the use of a microscope

A. SYSTEMIC ANATOMY

                        -study of functional relationship of organs within a system

B. REGIONAL ANATOMY

-study of body parts regionally

2. MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY

-STUDY OF BODY STRUCTURES USING A MICROSCOPE

3. HISTOLOGY

-(his -TOL-o¯ -je¯; hist- tissue)

   -study of tissues

4. DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY

- study of the structural development of the embryo.

-Study of the complete development of an individual from fertilization of an egg to death

                           -branch of embryology

5. EMBRYOLOGY

em -bre¯-OL-o¯-je¯

embry- embryo; -logy study of

- study of the structure and development of the embryo

- Study of the first eight weeks of development ; following fertilization of an egg (in humans).
.

6. SURFACE ANATOMY

- study of the structure of the body's surface.

-Study of Surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation (gentle touch).

7. CELLULAR ANATOMY/ CELL BIOLOGY


- study of the structure and function of the cell.

   - a branch of cytology

CYTOLOGY-

the study of the structure, function, pathology, life cycles, and life history
of cells.

8. PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY

(path -o¯-LOJ-i-kal; path- disease)

Study of Structural changes (from gross to microscopic) associated with disease.

9. RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY

ra¯-de¯-o¯-GRAF-ik

radio- ray; -graphic to write

Study of Body structures that can be visualized with x-rays.

70 - Sciatic nerve

The sciatic nerve (also known as the ischiadic nerve and the ischiatic nerve) is a large nerve in humans.
It begins in the lower back and runs through the buttock and down the lower limb.
It is the longest and widest single nerve in the human body going from the top of the leg to the foot on the posterior aspect.
The sciatic supplies nearly the whole of

69 - Foramen Transversarium

The transverse foramen (Latin: foramen transversarium) pierces the transverse processes of the seven cervical vertebrae. In the upper six vertebrae, the foramen gives passage to the vertebral artery, vertebral vein, and a plexus of sympathetic nerves. The seventh foramen lacks the artery, but contains the vein and sympathetic nerves.

68 - Arc of Riolan

The superior mesenteric artery supplies the caecum, appendix, ascending colon and right two-thirds of the transverse colon via the ileocolic, right colic and middle colic branches. The ileocolic artery is formed as the distal continuation of the superior mesenteric artery in the root of the small bowel mesentery after the origin of the last ileal artery.

The inferior mesenteric artery is

67 - Anatomy of Knee

*I am not gonna explain the entire anatomy of the knee here, coz u will find that in hundreds of books. I am gonna post a video made by Dr. Bertram Zarins of the Mass General Hospital Sports Medicine Service, which has made me happy (happy because of its simplicity and beauty in explaining the basic anatomy). Sometimes you try explaining hundreds of things to students without a picture or video

66 - Torcular herophili

The confluence of sinuses or torcular herophili is the connecting point of the superior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, and occipital sinus. It is found deep to the occipital protuberance of the skull. Blood arriving at this point then proceeds to drain into the left and right transverse sinuses.

The superior sagittal sinus often drains into (either exclusively or predominantly) one transverse

65 - Truesdale's Triangle

Anatomic area formed at lower end of thoracic esophagus by diaphragm inferiorly, pericardium anteriorly and superiorly, and descending aorta posteriorly.

For those wondering about the importance of this triangle, this traingle contains the esophagus and helps the surgeons performing various oesophageal surgical procedures like thoracoscopic oesophagomyotomy.

The surgeons approach the

64 - Transpyloric plane

An upper transverse line also known as Addison's Plane, located halfway between the jugular notch and the upper border of the pubic symphysis. It is also said to lie roughly a hand's breadth beneath the xiphoid process of the human sternum. The plane in most cases cuts through the pylorus of the stomach, the tips of the ninth costal cartilages and the lower border of the first lumbar vertebra.

63 - Scalene Muscles

The scalene muscles are a group of three pairs of muscles in the lateral neck, namely the scalenus anterior, scalenus medius, and scalenus posterior.

They are innervated by the spinal nerves C4-C6.

The Scalenus anterior (Scalenus anticus), also known as anterior scalene muscle, lies deeply at the side of the neck, behind the Sternocleidomastoideus.
It arises from the anterior tubercles