PLANES AND SECTIONS

PLANES AND SECTIONS

PLANE

          imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts


MIDLINE

          is an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal right and left sides.

SECTION

          is a cut of a body or one of its organ made along one of the planes.


1. SAGITTAL PLANE

                        a. MIDSAGITTAL/ MEDIAN PLANE

                        b. PARASAGITTAL PLANE

2.  CORONAL/ FRONTAL PLANE

3. TRANSVERSE / CROSS SECTIONAL/ HORIZONTAL PLANE

4. OBLIQUE PLANE

1. SAGITTAL PLANE

sagitt= arrow

                       is a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into  right and left sides


           a. MIDSAGITTAL/ MEDIAN PLANE

                                 divides the body or organ into equal right and left sides

           b. PARASAGITTAL PLANE

                     para=near

                                  divides the body or organ into unequal right and left sides.


2. CORONAL/ FRONTAL PLANE

    corona= crown

                      divides the body organ into anterior and posterior portions.


3. TRANSVERSE / CROSS SECTIONAL/ HORIZONTAL PLANE

                   divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions.



Sagittal, frontal and transverse plane are all right angles to one another.

4. OBLIQUE PLANE

                passes through the body or an organ at an angle between a transverse plane and a sagittal plane

                                    OR

                between  a transverse plane and a frontal plane.

PRINCIPAL REGIONAL IN HUMAN BODY

PRINCIPAL REGIONAL  IN HUMAN BODY

THE PRINCIPAL REGIONS ARE

1. HEAD
2. NECK
3. TRUNK
4. UPPER LIMBS
5. LOWER LIMBS

1. HEAD

             Consists of 
                     skull
                     face

skull - encloses and protects brain.

face - front portion of the head.
                    includes

                         eyes
                         nose
                         mouth
                        forehead
                        cheeks
                        chin

2.  NECK

            supports the head and attaches it to the trunk.


3. TRUNK

          Consists of
                  chest
                  abdomen
                  pelvis


4. UPPER LIMB

           Each upper limb attaches to the trunk

           Consists of 
                      shoulder 
                      armpit
                      arm
                      forearm
                      wrist
                      hand

arm- portion of the limb from shoulder to elbow.

forearm-  portion of the limb from elbow to wrist.


5. LOWER LIMBS

            Each lower limb attaches to the trunk

             Consists of

                   buttock
                   thighs
                   leg
                   ankle
                   foot

thigh - portion of the limb from the buttock to the knee.

leg - portion of the limb from the knee to the ankle.

GROIN

the area on the front surface of the body marked by a crease on each side, where the trunk attaches to the thighs.       
 

 

ANATOMICAL POSITION

BODY POSITIONS

ANATOMICAL POSITION

THE SUBJECT IS

                                 - STANDING ERECT

                                 - FACING OBSERVER

                                 - FEET ARE TOGETHER

                                 - THE ARMS ARE HANGING AT THE SIDES

                                 - WITH THE PALMS FACING FORWARD

  PRONE-  IF THE BODY IS LYING FACE DOWN

SUPINE - IF THE BODY IS LYING FACE UP.

HOMEOSTASIS

HOMEOSTASIS

                                       The process through which a nearly stable internal environment is maintained in the body so that cellular functions can proceed at maximum efficiency

                                       is maintained through the regulatory process called “feedback

ORGANIZATIONAL LEVELS

ORGANIZATIONAL LEVELS


 six hierarchical levels:

1. CHEMICAL LEVEL

2. CELLULAR LEVEL

3. TISSUE LEVEL

4. ORGAN LEVEL

5. ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL

6.  ORGANISM LEVEL



(1) CHEMICAL LEVEL 


                                 - is the lowest level of organization.
 

                                         Atoms (such as ions of sodium, potassium, calcium, etc.),
                                         molecules (such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, etc.),  
                                                              and 
                                         their chemical interactions play an essential role in the structural  and            functional aspects of the cell

ATOMS- MOLECULES- COMPOUNDS


ATOMS 

              the smallest unit of matter that take part in/ participate  chemical reactions

The most common elements/ atomsm in living organism are


  CARBON

HYDROGEN

OXYGEN

NITROGEN

PHOSPHORUS

SULPHUR

CALCIUM


MOLECULES

                      two or more atoms join together to form a molecule

Examples

1. DNA-  deoxyribonucleic acid-

                      -the genetic material passed from one generation to the next


2. GLUCOSE/  blood sugar


(2) CELLULAR LEVEL 


                                                   -molecules combine to form cells

                                  -Cells are dependent upon the structural and functional aspects of their chemistry 

                                   - are the building blocks of tissues. According to the cell theory,

                                   -all living things are made of cells,

                                    -cells are the basic units of life

                                    -cells come only from preexisting cells.

Some basic functions of cell

GROWTH 

REPRODUCTION

METABOLISM

IRRITABILITY



(3) TISSUE LEVEL

                                  -Tissues are groups of similar cells united to perform a particular function 

                                   -are the building blocks of organs.

There are four fundamental groups of tissues:

1. EPITHELIAL TISSUE


2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE


3. MUSCULAR TISSUE


4. NEURAL / NERVE TISSUE



1. EPITHELIAL TISSUE

                                -found 

                                             -in the outer layer of the skin, 
                                             -lining of organs, 
                                             -blood,
                                             -lymph vessels 
                                                   and 
                                             -body cavities



2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE

                                            -connects and supports most part of the body

                                             -constitute most part of 
                                                                             the skin
                                                                                bone
                                                                                    tendons


3. MUSCULAR TISSUE

                                              -produce movement through its ability to contract

                                                             3 types

                                                                  A. SKELETAL
                                                                  B. SMOOTH
                                                                  C. CARDIAC


4. NEURAL / NERVE TISSUE

                                               -responds to various stimuli


                                               -transmits nerve impulses

                                                 
                                                      -found in 

                                                                  brain
                                                                      spinal cord
                                                                                 nerves




(4) ORGAN LEVEL
                              
                                             Organs are formed from the organization of several tissues that enable it to perform a particular function. 

                                              Organs are the building blocks of systems.


(5) ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL

                                             - Organ systems are formed from the interaction of associated organs. 

                                              -Systems are the building blocks of the organism.

THERE ARE 11 ORGAN SYSTEM

1. NERVOUS SYSTEM

2. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

3. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

4.CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

5. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

6. URINARY SYSTEM

7. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

8.  ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

9. MUSCULAR SYSTEM 

10. SKELETAL SYSTEM

11. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM




(6) ORGANISM LEVEL

                                         -The organism is the highest level of organism and is organized from the  eleven organ systems.

PHYSIOLOGY

PHYSIOLOGY

The word physiology is derived from a Greek word for study of nature

physio=nature
logy= study ofDEFINITION

                        -study of function of body

DIVISIONS

1. CELL PHYSIOLOGY

2. PATHOLOGY

3. SYSTEMIC PHYSIOLOGY

4. ORGAN PHYSIOLOGY


1. CELL PHYSIOLOGY

                                  - study of the function of cells 

                                  -a branch of cytology

2. PATHOLOGY

                                  - study of disordered functions or disease.


3. SYSTEMIC PHYSIOLOGY

                                   -study of the function of the body's systems.


4. ORGAN PHYSIOLOGY

                                   - study of specific organs of the body.


Neurophysiology

                                NOOR-o¯-fiz-e¯-ol9-o¯ -je¯;

                                

                                neuro- nerve

                                study of  Functional properties of nerve cells.

Endocrinology
                       
                                en -do¯-kri-NOL-o¯-je¯
   

                                endo- within;  -crin secretion


                                study of Hormones (chemical regulators in
; the blood) and how they control body functions


Cardiovascular physiology 

                                   kar-de¯-o¯-VAS-ku¯-lar;


                                   cardi- heart; -vascular =blood vessels

                         
                                   study of Functions of the heart and blood  vessels.


Immunology

                                   im -u¯-NOL-o¯-je¯

                                   immun- not susceptible

                                   study of How the body defends itself against
 disease-causing agents.

Respiratory physiology

                                  RES-pir-a-to -re

                                  respira- to breathe

                                  study of Functions of the air passageways
 and lungs.


Renal physiology 


                                  (RE¯ -nal; ren- kidney)

                                  study of Functions of the kidneys.


Exercise physiology

                                  study of  Changes in cell and organ functions
as a result of muscular activity.


Pathophysiology

                                   (PATH-o¯-fiz-e¯-ol -o¯-je¯)

                                    study of Functional changes associated with
 disease and aging