58 - Basal cistern

The interpeduncular cistern (basal cistern or Fossa interpeduncularis) is a wide cavity where the arachnoid extends across between the two temporal lobes.

It encloses the cerebral peduncles and the structures contained in the interpeduncular fossa, and contains the arterial circle of Willis.


Diagram showing the positions of the three principal subarachnoid cisternæ. Interpeduncular cistern

57 - Sulci and Gyri of Brain

*Lesion in the broca's area (inferior frontal gyrus) causes broca's aphasia (motor aphasia/expressive aphasia).

*Lesion in the wernicke's aphasia (supramarginal gyrus) of the parietal lobe and upper part of temporal lobe.

56 - AIIMS May 2010 Anatomy Mcqs

1. Middle superior alveolar nerve is a branch of
a) Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve
b) Palatine division of maxillary nerve
c) Anterior nasal division of maxillary nerve
d) Inferior alveolar nerve

answer c. Anterior nasal division of maxillary nerve.
2. All the following muscles retracts the scapula EXCEPT
a) Trapezius
b) Rhomboid major
c) Rhomboid minor
d) Levator scapulae

answer d.

55 - Pain Insensitive and Pain Sensitive structures in Brain

A. Pain Insensitive structures in Brain : (Intracranial)
1. Brain parenchyma
2. Ependyma
3. Choroid plexus
4. Piamatter
5. Arachnoid
6. Dura over convexity of skull ( Dura around vascular sinuses and vessels is sensitive to pain)

B. Pain Sensitive structures in Brain :
B1. Intracranial :
1. Cranial venous sinuses with afferent veins
2. Arteries at base of brain and arteries of dura including

54 - Peroneus brevis

The peroneus brevis muscle (or fibularis brevis) lies under cover of the peroneus longus, and is a shorter and smaller muscle.

It arises from the lower two-thirds of the lateral surface of the body of the fibula; medial to the Peroneus longus; and from the intermuscular septa separating it from the adjacent muscles on the front and back of the leg.
The fibers pass vertically downward, and end

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"Arthritis" - Information on Glucosamine

Information on Glucosamine (Follow this Link)

Glucosamine is a natural compound that is found in healthy cartilage. Glucosamine sulfate is a normal constituent of glycoaminoglycans in cartilage matrix and synovial fluid.

Available evidence from randomized controlled trials supports the use of glucosamine sulfate in the treatment of osteoarthritis, particularly of the knee. It is believed that the sulfate moiety provides clinical benefit in the synovial fluid by strengthening cartilage and aiding glycosaminoglycan synthesis. If this hypothesis is confirmed, it would mean that only the glucosamine sulfate form is effective and non-sulfated glucosamine forms are not effective.

Glucosamine is commonly taken in combination with chondroitin, a glycosaminoglycan derived from articular cartilage. Use of complementary therapies, including glucosamine, is common in patients with osteoarthritis, and may allow for reduced doses of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents.

Evidence

*Key to grades

A: Strong scientific evidence for this use;

B: Good scientific evidence for this use;

C: Unclear scientific evidence for this use;

D: Fair scientific evidence against this use;

F: Strong scientific evidence against this use.

Uses based on scientific evidence	Grade*
Knee osteoarthritis (mild-to-moderate) Based on human research, there is good evidence to support the use of glucosamine sulfate in the treatment of mild-to-moderate knee osteoarthritis. Most studies have used glucosamine sulfate supplied by one European manufacturer (Rotta Research Laboratorium), and it is not known if glucosamine preparations made by other manufacturers are equally effective. Although some studies of glucosamine have not found benefits, these have either included patients with severe osteoarthritis or used products other than glucosamine sulfate . The evidence for the effect of glycosaminoglycan polysulphate is conflicting and merits further investigation. More well-designed clinical trials are needed to confirm safety and effectiveness, and to test different formulations of glucosamine.	A
Osteoarthritis (general) Several human studies and animal experiments report benefits of glucosamine in treating osteoarthritis of various joints of the body, although the evidence is less plentiful than that for knee osteoarthritis. Some of these benefits include pain relief, possibly due to an anti-inflammatory effect of glucosamine, and improved joint function. Overall, these studies have not been well designed. Although there is some promising research, more study is needed in this area before a firm conclusion can be made.	B
Chronic venous insufficiency "Chronic venous insufficiency" is a syndrome that includes leg swelling, varicose veins, pain, itching, skin changes, and skin ulcers. The term is more commonly used in Europe than in the United States. Currently, there is not enough reliable scientific evidence to recommend glucosamine in the treatment of this condition.	C
Diabetes (and related conditions) Early research suggests that glucosamine does not improve blood sugar control, lipid levels, or apolipoprotein levels in diabetics. Additional research is needed in this area.	C
Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis) Preliminary research reports improvements with N-acetyl glucosamine as an added therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Further scientific evidence is necessary before a strong recommendation can be made.	C
Pain (leg pain) Preliminary human research reports benefits of injected glucosamine plus chondroitin in the treatment of leg pain arising from advanced lumbar degenerative disc disease. Further scientific evidence is necessary before a firm recommendation can be made.	C
Rehabilitation (after knee injury) Glucosamine has been given to athletes with acute knee injuries. Although glucosamine did not improve pain, it did help improve flexibility. Additional research is needed to confirm these early findings.	C
Rheumatoid arthritis Early human research reports benefits of glucosamine in the treatment of joint pain and swelling in rheumatoid arthritis. In other research, glucosamine did not exert anti-rheumatic effects, but it did improve symptoms of the disease. However, this is early information, and additional research is needed before a conclusion can be drawn. The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis can be complicated, and a qualified healthcare provider should follow patients with this disease.	C
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders There is a lack of sufficient evidence to recommend for or against the use of glucosamine (or the combination of glucosamine and chondroitin) in the treatment of temporomandibular joint disorders.	C
High cholesterol Glucosamine does not appear to alter LDL or HDL levels in patients with chronic joint pain or diabetes.	D